Six Sigma at General Electric Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Six Sigma at General Electric - Essay Example Its goal is to ensure that there are no problems with any product or service that GE provides. This is done through quarterly customer surveys and daily manufacturing checks by internal engineers (Cohen, 1997).Since the 1980s, GE has sought improvement in business-performance and profitability through various programs (Hendericks and Kelbaugh, 1998). However, in 1995, Welch decided that those programs were not enough and directed the company to undertake Six Sigma as a corporate initiative. He said that it "is the only initiative he will introduce, but it will be introduced everywhere".The introduction of Six Sigma within GE was a dramatic culture change requiring impetus from the very top. Welch's personal leadership and direction was necessary and instrumental in the rollout of Six Sigma. When the employees tried to dismiss Six Sigma as the program of the month, Welch changed the business structure at a corporate level to underscore the importance of the goal. He implemented two no table strategic changes:The concept of Six Sigma at GE deals with measuring and improving how close the company comes in delivering on what it planned to do. Six Sigma provides a way for improving processes so that the company can more efficiently and predictably produce world-class products and services. There is a five-phased methodology applied by a Six Sigma team to tackle specific problems to reach Six Sigma levels (Paul, 1999). (We note that when Six Sigma was first launched at GE Aircraft Engines, a four-step methodology (MIAC) was followed. Recently, the Define phase has been added to recognize the importance of having a well-scoped project and to be in line with the current practices across GE): (1) Phase 1 - define (D). Who are the customers and what are their priorities A Six Sigma project team identifies a project suitable for Six Sigma efforts based on business objectives as well as customer needs and feedback. As part of the definition phase, the team identifies those attributes, called CTQs (critical to quality characteristics), that the customer considers to have the most impact on quality. (2) Phase 2 - measure (M). How is the process measured and how is it performing The team identifies the key internal processes that influence CTQs and measures the defects currently generated relative to those processes. (3) Phase 3 - analyze (A). What are the most important causes of defects The team discovers why defects are generated by identifying the key variables that are most likely to create process variation. (4) Phase 4 - improve (I). How do we remove the causes of the defects The team confirms the key variables and quantifies their effects on the CTQs. It also identifies the maximum acceptable ranges of the key variables and validates a system for measuring deviations of the variables. The team modifies the process to stay within the acceptable range. (5) Phase 5 - control (C). How can we maintain the improvements Tools are put in place to ensure that under the modified

Social Science(What is patriarchy How might it operate within the Essay

Social Science(What is patriarchy How might it operate within the contemporary family - Essay Example Interestingly, power has as many different meanings as there are theoretical perspectives. Ferguson (2006) presented two main theorists in the power debate, namely Max Weber and Michel Foucault. Each of the two is in direct opposition to the other. Weber believed that ‘power is hierarchical, that there are individuals in control and others who take instructions from those in their ‘line of command’ (Fergusson and Hughes, 2006, pp.26). Obedience is not automatic, only where authority is perceived as legitimate authority would one be willing to comply with the commands. Weber termed his concept of power as bureaucratic power where there is a central source of authority which others would comply to providing that the one in authority functions without prejudice. Notably no special knowledge or skill is required all that is needed is the ‘institutional position’ (pp.31). Allen (2004) notes that the ‘legitimate basis of patriarchal authority is notably different to Weber’s bureaucratic authority. Weber, himself, presented two distinct differences in patriarchal domination and bureaucratic domination. Firstly, Weber notes that ‘where bureaucratic domination is based on an official’s commitment to a sense of impersonal duty, the former relies upon the personal authority of the male head of the household.’ The male head of the family possesses authority based on ‘natural and enduring’ personal relations (pp.31). Thus, the second difference is that ‘patriarchal authority is rooted in traditi on passed down from one generation to the next and bolstered by filial bonds. The obedience of the wife and children to the male head is said to derive from dutiful conduct rather than from a set of rules established on an abstract, rational basis’ (pp.31). Foucault, on the other hand, viewed power as ‘never in any one person’s hands.’ Power is seen not as ‘any obvious willed manner, but something within our psyche which

A strategic analysis of jetblue airways

A strategic analysis of jetblue airways The US airline industry trends have caused airline companies, including Jet Blue to struggle for survival. Retirement has caused a shortage of pilots and instructors. Flying schools experience less instructors and hours needed to train new pilots. In 2008, crude oil prices increased to a record $140 per barrel (Thompson, Strickland, Gamble, 2010). Increased prices of fuel allowed the airlines to charge passenger fees for fuel surcharges, baggage fees, and beverage and snack fees. Airlines continue to charge fees with increasing fuel prices to generate an airline strategy. After 9/11, Congress passed the Aviation and Transportation Security Act (PDF), by issuing this Act; federal employees were tasked to handle all airport security. Increased screening for baggage and passengers, size limits on fluids and x-ray inspections. With the additional security measures, came financial burdens to the airline industry. Jet Blues strategic intent When Jet Blues was founded, David Nelleman wanted air travel to compassionate and fun. The strategic intent was to offer customers a low discount airline carrier with the comforts of home. As the first airline to offer electronic ticketing, Jet Blue wanted to delay its flights instead of canceling them. Agents were allowed to work from home and customers enjoyed gourmet snacks, coffees, in-seat televisions with satellite radio and movie channels. Jet Blue began to look into increasing the shareholder and customer values with the expansion of New Yorks JFK Airport with 8 am and 9 am flights. This was hopeful to Jet Blue executives; they wanted to appeal to younger customers, affluent New Yorkers, and those traveling to New York City. Opening up this new terminal has saved $50 million in labor, fuel, and vouchers. Now, the company serves more than 53 destinations (Thompson et al., 2010). JetBlues financial objectives success in achieving Although Jet Blues stock dropped by 50% in the five years, revenues grew 185% between 2003 and 2007, their operating expenses grew 222% during the same period. The loss in revenue was blamed on the cost of fuel (532% increase) and interest expense (658% increase). Jet Blue decided to take a conservative financial strategy in which they maintained high liquid ratios relative to the other major airlines (Thompson et al., 2010). Jet Blue was millions behind the competitor but developed new equity capital and credit, which was needed to keep the company, and allow them to maintain strong liquidity. Assessment of competitive advantage Cost. JetBlue operates at a lower cost than its competitors. According to Thompson, Strickland Gamble (2010), JetBlues total operating expenses were 12.17 per revenue passenger mile in 2008 versus $18.18 for American Airline, $18.18 for Continental, $20.95 for Delta, $13.85 for Southwest, $19.13 for United, and $21.45 for US Airways. Its planes, such as, the Airbus A320, tended to be newer than those of its competitors resulting in lower maintenance costs and no maintenance-related fines. The company increased flying time by minimizing turnaround time. Reservation agents worked at home resulting in cost savings as compared to a traditional call center. These measures paid off creating a major competitive advantages in the form of low operating costs that other airlines did not achieve. Organizational culture. JetBlues organizational structure was created based on five steps. First, the companys values were determined. Then, hiring managers selected employees who mirrored the companys values. Next, the company ensured that the company exceeded employee expectations and to listen to customers. And, finally, the company created a plan to drive excellence. The values established by JetBlue were safety, caring, integrity, fun, and passion. As an example, George Forman grills were set up at the JFK terminal to allow employees to have fun. By only hiring employees that mirrored those values, the company could encourage hiring managers to be creative during the hiring process and to weed out those that would not be a fit. By making these steps an active part of getting work done, JetBlue developed a strong organizational culture. Human resource practices. JetBlue is a company with a strong focus on people. In anticipation of airplane pilot shortages they implemented Aviation University Gateway, partnered with universities to identify exceptional candidates, and implemented internship programs. They addressed a lack of confidence in JetBlues leadership by providing leadership development training. They developed an airline training center at the Orlando International Airport. To make up for paying employees a lower base salary than its competitors, they offered health coverage, profit sharing, and 401k retirement plans. They also avoided layoffs through voluntary packages and attrition. This focus on meeting the needs of its employees, growing talent, and creating a talent pool was essential competitive benefits that were very difficult to imitate. JetBlues strategies for 2008 beyond and likelihood of success. In 2008, JetBlue adapted new strategies to re-evaluate the way its assets were used, reduce capacity, cut costs, raise fares, grow in select markets, offer services for business travel, form strategic partnerships, and increase ancillary revenues. JetBlue formed an alliance with Lufthansa to enable the company to use their terminals at JFK and signed a contract with Continental to provide LiveTV (Thompson et al., 2010). JetBlue reduced their capacity by selling nine aircrafts and reduced costs by delaying the delivery of 21 new aircrafts (Thompson et al., 2010). They reduced aircraft utilization rates, suspended service in some cities, and cancelled plan service in order to cut costs. After choosing Orlando to become a target market, they then raised prices but to lower fares than competitors. Furthermore, they provided incentives to corporate travelers, entered into agreements with Expedia for leisure travelers and Travelocity for business customers, and with Aer Lingus to expand t heir reach internationally. To generate revenue, JetBlue created new fees, including a fee for a second bag and for select seats. Even with these strategies, the airlines financial performance shows that they are falling short of expectations during the first six months of 2008 (Thompson et al., 2010). However, 2009 was a successful year for JetBlue. The company was one of only a few to report four consecutive quarters of profitability in this year (JetBlue, 2010). A net income of $58 million was generated with an operating margin of 8.5% which was an improvement of more than $140 million compared to 2008. They continued to have one of the strongest liquidity positions in the U.S. airline industry relative to our revenues. In addition, JetBlue generated positive free cash flow for the first time in its history. According to JetBlues 2009 annual report, these results demonstrated the benefits of JetBlues disciplined growth strategy, its focus on managing capital expenditures, rationalizing capacity, maximizing revenue, and controlling costs. Given that the company is prosperous in challenging times, it is likely that the companys sound strategies and cash-rich positions will give the company longevity over the long term. Conclusions The purpose of this report was to examine JetBlues business strategy. Trends in the U.S. airline industry impacting crude oil prices, pilot shortages, and 9/11 aviation security measures. Overall, these trends, combined with a weak economy, caused airlines to struggle to survive. JetBlue has survived by a focus on bringing humanity back to air travel at low fares. They focused on providing value, customer service, and unique extras for customers. Employees benefit from training and a strong organizational culture. The business benefited from measures to cut costs and form lucrative partnerships. Presently, the financial reports of JetBlue showed that the company was outperforming its competitors in a recession making the company highly likely to be successful over the long term.

Appendicular Skeletal System Essay -- skeletal muscles, central nervous

As the smell of freshly baked Christmas cookies fill the air, the children of the house stir uncontrollably. Their olfactory nerves are picking up the delectable scents, and sending impulses they can no longer control. Though their mother said they had to wait until after dinner, they had other plans. As their mother does their laundry, slaving away on piles of dirty clothes downstairs, the children seize the opportunity to stuff their faces full of the Christmas treats. After satisfying their monstrous cravings, they realize the need to wash down the evidence; their mother is quickly approaching and the need to hurry. My paper will describe how these naughty kids accomplished the movements necessary to escape being caught; from the somas of neurons, to the cells of skeletal muscles and all the contractions produced to allow them to reach out for their water, grasp it with their devious hands and bringing it to their crumb covered lips. Movement is produced when electric impulses are sent through the neurons located within the brain to the specific muscle required for the desired reaction. These crafty kids may fool you into thinking that their actions were part of the visceral motor division [5], one in which they have no voluntary control over and unconsciously fell prey to, but they would be wrong. The interneurons, or association neurons, found within the Central Nervous System are â€Å"making decisions† on how the body will respond to the sensory impulses from their vestibulocochlear nerve while hearing their mother’s heavy footsteps coming up the stairs. These impulses are then carried through the Central Nervous System via the motor neurons to insert into the muscles via the Peripheral Nervous System [5]. Skeletal muscle then ... ... 1 Fasano, J. (September 30th, 2013). Appendicular Skeletal System. Lecture conducted from Germanna Community College Fredericksburg, VA. 2 Fasano, J. (October 9th, 2013). Joints. Lecture conducted from Germanna Community College Fredericksburg, VA. 3 Fasano, J. (November 4th, 2013). Muscle Tissue. Lecture conducted from Germanna Community College Fredericksburg, VA. 4 Fasano, J. (November 6th, 2013). Muscle Physiology. Lecture conducted from Germanna Community College Fredericksburg, VA. 5 Fasano, J. (November 13th, 2013). Nervous Tissue. Lecture conducted from Germanna Community College Fredericksburg, VA. 6 Fasano, J. (November 20th, 2013). The Brain and Cranial Nerves. Lecture conducted from Germanna Community College Fredericksburg, VA. 7 Fasano, J. (November 25th, 2013). Spinal Cord. Lecture conducted from Germanna Community College Fredericksburg, VA.

True Education

Rachel Kumler Mr. Friedrich English 12 12 December 2012 Crunch Time for Education True education is knowledge obtained by one and to be able to use and comprehend that information in their everyday life. Education should be a thing in a child’s life that they should look forward to coming to five days a week. The fulfillment of learning something new in every single class, every single day should be the reason a kid gets out of bed every morning. Today’s society is very different though, majority of the students dread having to wake up in the morning knowing that they have to sit through school all day.If kids were truly learning something new, they would be happy to be at school. A big problem in today’s education is the way a school day is set up. A typical school day, which is eight hours in length, wastes way too much time on things that are not education-related. For example, four minutes between every class is wasted just for kids to walk to a different cla ssroom, totaling over a half-hour of time that could be used for educational purposes instead. Another example is that the lunch periods are 30 minutes long, when it only takes a majority of the kids between 10-15 minutes to eat, the rest of the time is used socializing.A third and final example of wasted time is study halls. During study halls kids do one of two things; They either sit there the whole 45 minutes goofing of with friends or they do their homework. Homework, work to be done at home, is given to reinforce information that students have learned that day. If kids are doing their homework at school anyway, then the establishment of â€Å"home†-work was not a very judicious thing to create. The time in the length of a school day should be made more valuable. The Bay Village High School has a block schedule set in place for everyday of the week, not just two of the days.It is a known fact that Bay Village tests very well on their state tests. Due to not having as man y class changes, and having more time to learn in a period could be the reason they are succeeding. At the Indiana Prison where some inmates were receiving an education through Ball State, the inmates were learning faster and more material than what was being taught at the actual Ball State College. The reasoning behind this is because all they had to do at prison was eat, sleep, go to class, and study.If kids had nothing else to do after school, they would have more time to focus on their studies. To solve the problem of wasted time and not enough focus from students, public schools can make a few changes. First, block scheduling is vital for success. Students should be able to come to school for a few hours, sit in one classroom without leaving or having any distractions such as fire drills, announcements, or being called down to the office. School should not be 8 hours long but only a total of about 4 hours.If a class has the same teacher just teach multiple subjects, a majority of the time wasted can be eliminated because there are no classroom changes or lunch breaks. Another thing is that school sports and clubs should be eliminated right after school so that kids can go home and study or do homework. If kids are sitting through school all day worrying about their basketball practice or how the swim team gets to leave school early for an away meet, it takes the focus off of learning. If school was not so long and a waste of time, kids would not dread coming to school. True Education Rachel Kumler Mr. Friedrich English 12 12 December 2012 Crunch Time for Education True education is knowledge obtained by one and to be able to use and comprehend that information in their everyday life. Education should be a thing in a child’s life that they should look forward to coming to five days a week. The fulfillment of learning something new in every single class, every single day should be the reason a kid gets out of bed every morning. Today’s society is very different though, majority of the students dread having to wake up in the morning knowing that they have to sit through school all day.If kids were truly learning something new, they would be happy to be at school. A big problem in today’s education is the way a school day is set up. A typical school day, which is eight hours in length, wastes way too much time on things that are not education-related. For example, four minutes between every class is wasted just for kids to walk to a different cla ssroom, totaling over a half-hour of time that could be used for educational purposes instead. Another example is that the lunch periods are 30 minutes long, when it only takes a majority of the kids between 10-15 minutes to eat, the rest of the time is used socializing.A third and final example of wasted time is study halls. During study halls kids do one of two things; They either sit there the whole 45 minutes goofing of with friends or they do their homework. Homework, work to be done at home, is given to reinforce information that students have learned that day. If kids are doing their homework at school anyway, then the establishment of â€Å"home†-work was not a very judicious thing to create. The time in the length of a school day should be made more valuable. The Bay Village High School has a block schedule set in place for everyday of the week, not just two of the days.It is a known fact that Bay Village tests very well on their state tests. Due to not having as man y class changes, and having more time to learn in a period could be the reason they are succeeding. At the Indiana Prison where some inmates were receiving an education through Ball State, the inmates were learning faster and more material than what was being taught at the actual Ball State College. The reasoning behind this is because all they had to do at prison was eat, sleep, go to class, and study.If kids had nothing else to do after school, they would have more time to focus on their studies. To solve the problem of wasted time and not enough focus from students, public schools can make a few changes. First, block scheduling is vital for success. Students should be able to come to school for a few hours, sit in one classroom without leaving or having any distractions such as fire drills, announcements, or being called down to the office. School should not be 8 hours long but only a total of about 4 hours.If a class has the same teacher just teach multiple subjects, a majority of the time wasted can be eliminated because there are no classroom changes or lunch breaks. Another thing is that school sports and clubs should be eliminated right after school so that kids can go home and study or do homework. If kids are sitting through school all day worrying about their basketball practice or how the swim team gets to leave school early for an away meet, it takes the focus off of learning. If school was not so long and a waste of time, kids would not dread coming to school.

Economics and Business Risk Information

Risk Information Rating is an interactive process relying primarily in gathering information from the issuer and supplementing it with strategic information obtained from outside independent sources. The entire process Is aimed at evaluating (a) Financial Risk and (b) Business Risk Information with regard to (a) Is generally provided by the company requesting for rating and, only when necessary, such Information Is corroborated or complemented by Information from other sources.However, comprehensive information with regard to (b) is not readily available from any identifiable source. PACRA has, therefore, proceeded to develop its own database consisting of economic data by industrial sub-sectors. Additionally, it continuously monitors macroeconomic developments and important government policy changes (like fiscal adjustments) for determining their likely impact on specific sectors and companies. PACRA does not assign unsolicited ratings.This policy is based on our sensitivity egardin g the motivation for such a practice: globally, unsolicited ratings have come under criticism as they seem to be a means of pressurizing recalcitrant entitles to subject themselves to rating. Again, the value of credit rating flows from the Interactive nature of the exercise. Thus, unless the rated entity has an opportunity to share the reasons for any delinquent performance In the past and Its view on prospects, the rating opinion may not be reliable. The rating process begins with a careful review of an entitys published information.From this review, analysts (normally two, the lead and support analyst, are assigned to each rating assignment) determine what additional data are needed and a detailed questionnaire is sent to the client. An initial rating assessment is made and discussed internally. A discussion agenda is then prepared for a meeting with the client company's senior management. The meeting Is wide-ranging, covering the company's flnanclal position, earning trends, ope rating practices, competitive standing, future prospects, the economic environment and many other Issues that an have a bearing on PACRA's assessment.In order to ensure full understanding of their position, companies entrust PACRA with confidential information, which is not disclosed in rating reports but which is certainly taken into account when assigning the ratings. In determining the initial ratings for an institution, a rating proposal is prepared based on the information gathered at the Management Meeting with the company, and is presented to the rating committee (comprising the Chairman, ManagingDirector, senior executives and the lead analyst). A draft rating report is then prepared and sent to the client for verification of the accuracy and confidentiality of the Information In the report. upon the client's approval, the one-page summary of the report Is made public and a press release of the assigned rating Is Issued. The detailed rating report Is sent to the client. plac ed on ‘RatingWatch'. The rating is then upgraded, downgraded or maintained after assessing the impact of any such change.

Educating Rita vs. Shawshank redemption Essays

Educating Rita vs. Shawshank redemption Essays Educating Rita vs. Shawshank redemption Essay Educating Rita vs. Shawshank redemption Essay Essay Topic: The Shawshank Redemption Explain how challenges of embarking into the universe can be outweighed by the possibilities that come from personal growing. Barriers of endeavoring into the abysm are non worthwhile to get the better of since growing will sabotage your perceptual experience of ultimate felicity. Since persons necessarily sacrifice a portion of themselves and does non supply ultimate felicity for society. The prescribed text Educating Rita by Willy Russell showcases Rita as losing all of her individualism by deriving cognition. Mirroring the above thesis. my related text. The Shawshank Redemption directed by Frank Darabont encapsulates the thought of institutionalisation. Education is a addendum for the old life style giving new ways to populate with damaging side effects. In the drama Educating Rita . Rita assumes that instruction is an chance for happening herself but she is simply transitioning from one societal category to another. Rita’s instruction has an oppressive consequence on her personality. Frank wants her to discipline’ her head. but what he means is happen a less subjective ( personal ) manner to look at literature. The sarcasm is that this will do Rita less self-generated and it might impede her passion for the truth and for life. Education and Alcohol are of both a agency of satisfaction for Frank. Giving an instruction substitutes the demand to imbibe foregrounding his futile quandary since by learning Rita. she is seting nothing of her’ in her essays whereas her old essay was filled with subjectiveness and by imbibing he is losing a portion of himself and. Consequently. she is conforming to the societal category and run intoing the demands and wants of that category but that is non ultimate felicity since they are non wholly her wants and demands. Therefore. mentioning to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. as she is deriving self-actualisation she is losing her belonging and love nature since she runs off from Denny and thrusts Frank off. Mirroring the above statement for The Shawshank Redemption . Convicted felons are sent to prison to be rehabilitated so that one twenty-four hours they will no longer present a menace to citizens on the exterior. This is non the instance at Shawshank Prison. Shawshank. in world. is a topographic point of lasting parturiency since it strives to extinguish the tiniest hope for freedom from their captives. The full Shawshank system is an educational life style all captives have to larn or there will be ruinous effects. This is seen in the first clip when all the fish come into their cells for the first clip and one of the captives starts shouting and protesting he doesn’t belong here. he does non understand the system yet and ends up deceasing for non following orders. The dry nature of this system is that finally convicts depend on the system to keep intent. These walls are funny†¦first you hate them. so you get used to them. so you depend on them†¦that’s instit utionalized. It is hence useless to seek and overreach the system set uping that the challenges are ineffectual and non worth the clip. This is reinforced by Brooks go forthing the prison system and so perpetrating suicide  ­after he lost his Self-Esteem and Belonging which the prison provided him with. With lone Physiology and Safety from Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. he has enlightened to his significance to the universe which leads to his ain death reinforcing that it is better to populate blissfully nescient than to populate harmfully enlightened. An individual’s possibility of personal growing is entirely reliant on their ain grade of cynicism. The extent of an individual’s cynicism is the challenge they have to confront in order to achieve personal growing. Persons have to be avaricious and selfish as it is the lone manner to develop a better apprehension of themselves. Frank is presented ab initio as misanthropic since he is merely motivated by money derived from Frank and Julia’s telephone conversation. This motive helps him reawaken his grasp of beauty in literature and life: I think you’re the first breath of air that’s been in this room for years’ . Consequently. Frank develops an attractive force towards his Frankenstein an d wants to be with her. Oscar Wilde said A faultfinder is a adult male who knows the monetary value of everything. and the value of nothing . However. Frank does non stop up with Rita due to the feelings non being common. Rita’s cynicism lies with her desire for cognition. In the first scence. Rita explosions into his room and Tells Frank she wants to larn everything’ . Her aspiration is alluded with Shakespeare’s Macbeth and the monetary value that it comes with – her personality. Willy Russell intentionally alludes Frank to Frankenstein and Rita to Frankenstein’s Monster ; Frank to the King and Rita to Macbeth since she is seen as the hungry ambitious animal instead than the nescient Godhead. To go Macbeth or Frankenstein’s Monster is non deserving anyone’s clip since it destroys a person’s ethical motives and therefore a person’s opinion on what felicity is. An imitation of the old statement is besides seen in The Shawshank Redemption . Since Andy is the lone misanthropic individual there is in the Prison. he is the lone 1 that escapes prison. Shown through assisting Captain Hadley to derive the likes of his equals and to transition int o a less exhausting occupation. It is apparent that Andy is fears no 1 even the Warden. Repeating Oscar Wilde’s statement. we can see the grade of Andy’s cynicism which allows him to get away prison. Contrasty. Red serves his full clip ever disagreed with Andy’s cynicism. After Andy finishes his 2 hebdomad stretch in the hole. he explains his theory of hope and how no 1 can take that off from you. Red argues that hope is useless and that has highlighted that Red has given up his cynicism. Consequently. Andy escapes merely after 20 old ages to venture and happen his personal growing whereas Red serves his full sentence. However. Andy has to rip off the system and unethically supply false inside informations to all the Bankss in order to come on. It is non deserving the outgo of society to let one adult male to be economically richer since he cheated the system. This changes a man’s attitude towards life and Andy had to trust on selfish agencies to acquire where he is. It is non valuable to achieve it in such an unethical method. Ultimately both texts basically show that there are no ways to accomplish growing and felicity on the same degree since accomplishing growin g undermines the perceptual experiences of felicity. Since social felicity is ever greater hence an person can merely be selfish and misanthropic to acquire anyplace in life.

Sewanee, University of the South - Admission Data

Sewanee, University of the South - Admission Data Sewanee Admissions Overview: Students applying to Sewanee do not need to submit scores from the SAT or ACTstudents can submit these scores if theyd like, but its not a requirement. Students are required to submit an application to Sewanee through the Common Applicationwhich can save time and money for applicants applying to multiple schools that use that application. With an acceptance rate of 44%, the school is fairly selectivesuccessful applicants generally have good grades, a well-rounded academic background, and a strong application. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016): Sewanee Acceptance Rate: 44%GPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Sewanee AdmissionsTest Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: - / -SAT Math: - / -SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanTennessee colleges SAT comparisonACT Composite: - / -ACT English: - / -ACT Math: - / -ACT Writing: - / -What these ACT numbers meanTennessee colleges ACT comparison Sewanee Description: Sewanee: The University of the South, stands on a 13,000 acre campus on the Cumberland Plateau between Chattanooga and Nashville in Tennessee. A small college, Sewanees liberal arts curriculum places students first. Every class at Sewanee is taught be a professor, not grad students, and the university boasts an 11 to 1  student faculty / ratio.  Average class size is 18 in the first year, 13 in later years. Sewanee has produced 25 Rhodes Scholars, a remarkable number for a school of about 1,500 students. English is particularly strong, and the university is home to  The Sewanee Review  and Sewanee Writers Conference. In athletics, popular sports include football, lacrosse, soccer, softball, track and field, and tennis. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 1,815  (1,731  undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 47% Male / 53% Female99% Full-time Costs (2016  - 17): Tuition and Fees: $42,400Books: $1,200 (why so much?)Room and Board: $12,100Other Expenses: $1,750Total Cost: $57,450 Sewanee Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 85%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 84%Loans: 35%Average Amount of AidGrants: $21,168Loans: $5,405 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Biology, Economics, English, Global Studies, History, Political Science, Psychology What major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 88%Transfer-out Rate: 15%4-Year Graduation Rate: 79%6-Year Graduation Rate: 82% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Football, Lacrosse, Soccer, Golf, Tennis, Basketball, Baseball, Track and Field, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Field Hockey, Lacrosse, Softball, Soccer, Volleyball, Tennis, Basketball, Cheerleading Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like Sewanee, You May Also Like These Schools: Vanderbilt University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBelmont University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphWake Forest University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphEmory University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphDuke University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBerry College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphElon University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Virginia: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUNC - Chapel Hill: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphKenyon College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAuburn University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphFurman University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph

De Havilland Mosquito in World War II

De Havilland Mosquito in World War II The design for the de Havilland Mosquito originated in the late 1930s, when the de Havilland Aircraft Company began working on a bomber design for the Royal Air Force. Having had great success in designing high-speed civilian aircraft, such as the DH.88 Comet and DH.91 Albatross, both constructed largely of wood laminates, de Havilland sought to secure a contract from the Air Ministry. The use of wood laminates in its planes allowed de Havilland to reduce the overall weight of its aircraft while simplifying construction.   A New Concept In September 1936, the Air Ministry released Specification P.13/36 which called for a medium bomber capable of achieving 275 mph while carrying a payload of 3,000 lbs. a distance of 3,000 miles. Already an outsider due to their use of all-wood construction, de Havilland initially attempted to modify the Albatross to meet the Air Ministrys requirements. This effort fared poorly as the performance of the first design, possessing six to eight guns and a three-man crew, projected badly when studied. Powered by twin Rolls-Royce Merlin engines, the designers began seeking ways to improve the planes performance. While the P.13/36 specification resulted in the Avro Manchester and Vickers Warwick, it led to discussions that advanced the idea of the fast, unarmed bomber. Seized upon by  Geoffrey de Havilland, he sought to develop this concept to create an aircraft would exceed the P.13/36 requirements. Returning to the Albatross project, the team at de Havilland, led by Ronald E. Bishop, began removing elements from the aircraft to decrease weight and increase speed. This approach proved successful, and the designers quickly realized that by removing the bombers entire defensive armament its speed would be on par with the fighters of the day allowing it to outrun danger rather than fighting. The end result was an aircraft, designated DH.98, that was radically different from the Albatross. A small bomber powered by two Rolls-Royce Merlin engines, it would be capable of speeds around 400 mph with a payload of 1,000 lbs. To enhance the aircrafts mission flexibility, the design team made allowance for the mounting of four 20 mm cannon in the bomb bay which would fire through blast tubes under the nose. Development Despite the new aircrafts projected high speed and superb performance, the Air Ministry rejected the new bomber in October 1938, over concerns regarding its wooden construction and lack of defensive armament. Unwilling to abandon the design, Bishops team continued to refine it after the outbreak of World War II. Lobbying for the aircraft, de Havilland finally succeeded in obtaining an Air Ministry contract from Air Chief Marshal Sir Wilfrid Freeman for a prototype under Specification B.1/40 which had been tailor written for the DH.98.   As the RAF expanded to meet wartime needs, the company was finally able to obtain a contract for fifty aircraft in March 1940. As work on the prototypes moved forward, the program was delayed as a result of the Dunkirk Evacuation. Restarting, the RAF also asked de Havilland to develop heavy fighter and reconnaissance variants of the aircraft. On November 19, 1940, the first prototype was completed and it took to the air six days later. Over the next few months, the newly dubbed Mosquito underwent flight testing at Boscombe Down and quickly impressed the RAF. Outpacing the Supermarine Spitfire Mk.II, the Mosquito also proved capable of carrying a bomb load four times larges (4,000 lbs.) than anticipated. Upon learning this, modifications were made to improve the Mosquitos performance with heavier loads. Construction The Mosquitos unique wood construction allowed parts to be made in furniture factories across Britain and Canada. To construct the fuselage, 3/8 sheets of Ecuadorean balsawood sandwiched between sheets of Canadian birch was formed inside large concrete molds. Each mold held half of the fuselage and once dry, the control lines and wires were installed and the two halves were glued and screwed together. To complete the process, the fuselage was covered in a doped Madapolam (woven cotton) finish. Construction of the wings followed a similar process, and a minimal amount of metal was used to reduce weight. Specifications (DH.98 Mosquito B Mk XVI): General Length: 44 ft. 6 in.Wingspan: 54 ft. 2 in.Height: 17 ft. 5 in.Wing Area: 454 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 14,300 lbs.Loaded Weight: 18,000 lbs.Crew: 2 (pilot, bombardier) Performance Power Plant: 2 Ãâ€" Rolls-Royce Merlin 76/77 liquid-cooled V12 engine, 1,710 hpRange: 1,300 milesMax Speed: 415 mphCeiling: 37,000 ft. Armament Bombs: 4,000 lbs. Operational History Entering service in 1941, the Mosquitos versatility was utilized immediately. The first sortie was conducted by a photo reconnaissance variant on September 20, 1941. A year later, Mosquito bombers conducted a famed raid on the Gestapo headquarters in Oslo, Norway which demonstrated the aircrafts great range and speed. Serving as part of Bomber Command, the Mosquito quickly developed a reputation for being able to successfully carry out dangerous missions with minimal losses. On January 30, 1943, Mosquitos carried out a daring daylight raid on Berlin, making a liar of Reichmarschall Hermann Gà ¶ring who claimed such an attack impossible. Also serving in the Light Night Strike Force, Mosquitos flew high speed night missions designed to distract German air defenses from British heavy bomber raids. The night fighter variant of the Mosquito entered service in mid-1942, and was armed with four 20mm cannon in its belly and four .30 cal. machine guns in the nose. Scoring its first kill on May 30, 1942, night fighter Mosquitos downed over 600 enemy aircraft during the war. Equipped with a variety of radars, Mosquito night fighters were used throughout the European Theater. In 1943, the lessons learned on the battlefield were incorporated into a fighter-bomber variant. Featuring the Mosquitos standard fighter armament, the FB variants were capable of carrying 1,000 lbs. of bombs or rockets. Utilized across the front, Mosquito FBs became renowned for being able to carry out pinpoint attacks such as striking the Gestapo headquarters in downtown Copenhagen and breeching the wall of the Amiens prison to facilitate the escape of French resistance fighters. In addition to its combat roles, Mosquitos were also used as high-speed transports. Remaining in service after the war, the Mosquito was used by the RAF in various roles until 1956. During its ten-year production run (1940-1950), 7,781 Mosquitos were built of which 6,710 were constructed during the war. While production was centered in Britain, additional parts and aircraft were built in Canada and Australia. The Mosquitos final combat missions were flown as part of the Israeli Air Forces operations during the 1956 Suez Crisis. The Mosquito was also operated by the United States (in small numbers) during World War II and by Sweden (1948-1953).

English Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English - Research Paper Example However, once fans found out that Tim Burton would be in charge of the project, many fears and doubts were alleviated. Indeed, nobody left the theater feeling disappointed. Janet Maslin, a writer with The New York Times, states that, â€Å"[...] An ornate visual fantasy of Mr. Burton’s can be expected to make its own rules, and Sleepy Hollow does that with macabre gusto.† Maslin continues her article with much praise for the â€Å"grimly voluptuous† Sleepy Hollow. Burton made his name in the film industry by never holding back when trying to display or explain something. If the scene called for horror, he would deliver horror, and then some. While the fans of Burton are used to his macabre style, many were still shocked, though pleasingly so, with how far he took the graphics in Sleepy Hollow. As Tim Burton has a very distinctive style with his filming, people expected quite a bit out of Sleepy Hollow. While most directors either get away or not with how they film something, a specific outcome is expected from Tim Burton. Kamal Larsuel-Ulbricht, for one, was not disappointed. In her review (1999), she expresses a certain fondness for the result of Sleepy Hollow, saying, â€Å"This was not Disney’s ‘Sleepy Hollow’. [Tim Burton] is sometimes a bit too weird for those who don’t quite understand his style [but for those who do], people can appreciate this take on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.† So it would seem, those that can really take away something from the film would be those that are already familiar with Tim Burton’s unique style of directing. Justin Felix (1999) considers Sleepy Hollow to count â€Å"among [Tim Burton’s] better movies,† further stating that, â€Å"With the recent disappointments in theatrically released horror movies, we needed a film like this.† Felix takes his review a little bit further by commenting on the aspects that

Paper Number 3 - Human Resource Management Essay

Paper Number 3 - Human Resource Management - Essay Example Through training, any company can raise the ability to adopt and use advance technology. It makes employees more efficient and also motivates them. It increases the knowledge of the employee which in turn enhances the company’s competitive position. Proper training increases productivity and efficiency of organization, decreases employee turnover and need of supervision. Through training, an employee develops a sense of confidence and self-worth and becomes valuable to the organization and to society. The knowledge received through training helps to increase productivity and sense of fulfillment through achievement of any task. Three areas must be considered to identify the reason for training: the organizational goal, the job characteristics and needs of the employees. The resources required for training also needs to be considered otherwise the training program will fail. There are two types of training methods on the job training and off the job training. Cognitive Methods: Cognitive methods provide the rules regarding how to do a specific task through written or verbal information and express the relationship among various concepts. Various methods that come under cognitive approach are lecture, demonstration, discussion and CBT (Computer Based Training). Behavioral Method: In this method, the employees are provided practical training. This method teaches the trainee how to behave in real work life. The various methods of behavioral approaches are business games, behavior modeling, equipment simulator, and in-basket method. Management Development: This method focuses on education of employees. This method is divided into on the job training and off the job training. On the Job Training: This type of training is conducted to employees while they are performing their regular job. In this training method a plan is developed about the subject to be taught. The employees are informed about the details of training. A timetable is developed for monitoring t he performance and progress of employees. This training method has positive effect on employee morale because it not only teaches the skills for doing any specific task but also makes them think critically to solve any problem that might occur while doing any job. Examples of on the job training are orientation, job instruction training, apprenticeship, internship, assistantship, coaching, and job rotation. Off the Job Training: This training method takes place outside the real work place. Specific trainer is used for training the employees. In this method employees put all focus on the training and their job cannot distract the training process. Examples of off the job training methods are lectures, case studies, role playing, simulation, and laboratory training (Bizmove, â€Å"Small Business Management†). Summary of the Article Dubai Metro is an automated metro network of Dubai city. The center of Dubai Metro has almost 150 employees. The employees control the operation of technological system. The RTA (Road and Transport Agency) is providing training to the staff of Dubai Metro. Training will be provided on various aspects such as different facets of operations, maintenance, security related issues, health and safety of staff. Besides these the employees will be trained about other supporting services such as management, human resource, contracts, finance,

Visual Analysis Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visual Analysis Art - Essay Example According to, For Entry to University and College, the structure acts as a base for the students to recreate markedly on the hot days as denotable from the freshmen. It allows the students to skate, walk, and even cycle at the vicinity; furthermore, the location of the structure creates a splendid walkway on and off along the campus especially in the winter periods and even towards the engineering mall. The structure has had it challenges in equal measures despite the marvelous attraction and praise. Consistent with, A University of Tradition: The Spirit of Purdue, the threat exposed by the structure to small children is quite insurmountable to warrant its operations. For instance, in April 2001, the structure had stalled for some periods. It even attracted the attention of the administration to the extents of even rethinking of laying fences around the structure. Massive pressure created by the water jets continually knocked children on the along the structure thus inhibiting or eve n concealing the rather finely designed and projected engineering work. The local people however permitted their children to get jovial around the structure, but this was to conducted under supervision of an older person, for instance their parents. While the structure was excellently designed, personally I feel that it does not meet the thresholds for safety. Possibly, the location or even design architecture had gross errors. In any engineering or artwork safety comes first. Probably redesign of the structure could restore the desires of the initial creator. The conspicuously high pressure is inconsistent and inapplicable to the ambience habituated by children. Possibly, design of a small obstacle or fences around it could probably reassure the essence of the structure. The implementers of the design did a laudable job by using long term existing materials including concrete and blocks (Pipes, 2003). Landmarks similar to the ‘Engineering fountain’ are susceptible to t he erosion factors, rain and water being the chief causatives of the wide spanning corrosion conditions. The choice of the blocks ascertains the durability anticipated by the initial designers of the structure thus exposing the envisaged long existence. Goods application of cement and quality exhibits unnatural strength in the material structure as notable from the pyramids of Egypt and the highly erected quality expands the established feature for the far based visibility of the structure. At night, the highly adorn lights paints the section under which the projects sits sparkling cream appearance that even adds to the already outstanding form to expound on the beauty. While the art points to heaven and at top of it during the night light shines resembling the biblical star that directed the Wiseman to the birth place of the king (Jesus). The vast space allocated near it offers ample time during the view of the remarkable design. Confirmable from, A University of Tradition: The Spi rit of Purdue, while in terms of aesthetic value, the structure achieves great scoring in terms of points; however, the president of the Purdue and the university architect had to absorb certain amount of pressure and complaints directed to them due the hindrance notable in the project. Apparently, the project was Martin Jischke’s first project in the university. The eventual formation of a community organized committee to seek the way forward on the matter explains the vital

Conceal and Carry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conceal and Carry - Essay Example Statistics related to crime, hand gun related crime, and attempts to circumvent the law will be balanced to determine if the law has had an effect positive or negative on the state following passage. In the final view, it will be clear that the changes in legislation that make it easier for a person to receive a license to carry a concealed firearm are beneficial in: â€Å"In Minnesota, a person may not carry a pistol in a public place unless they are in possession of a permit to carry. Exceptions to the permit requirement include law enforcement officers and other defined instances (Minnesota Statutes, section 624.714). In 2003, the movement to change the permit application process from may issue (discretionary) to shall issue succeeded with the passage of Laws of Minnesota 2003, Chapter 28, Article 2. The shall issue application process limits the local law enforcement discretion provision and requires the granting of permits to all applicants who meet minimum requirements. Efforts to change Minnesota from a may issue to a shall issue state took place over several years.† (Minnesota Legislative Reference Library, 2009) It is important to recognize that there are two main issues in this case. The first is the constitutional debate over the validity of requiring permits for carrying concealed weapons. The Second Amendment guarantees the right to bear firearms, so it is questionable under what authority government can take away that right by requiring concealed weapons permits. The legal basis for the argument is as Justice Harlan writes in Terry vs. Ohio, namely that â€Å"concealed weapons create an immediate and severe danger to the public.† (Cornell, 2010) This is debatable under the traditional response that â€Å"guns don’t kill people, people kill people†. For example, are non-concealed weapons, openly worn or brandished, less dangerous than concealed weapons? Concealed weapons

Individual Management Enhancement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual Management Enhancement - Essay Example trying to figure out how this environment changes at my work place and realised that technological rapid change leads to frustrations and affects worker’s productivity. Recently, all the data in my bank was digitized and therefore, staff had to be moved and shifted to departments which could accommodate better their skills. Others had to be sent for retraining and refreshment on the way they could work in a digitized environment. Aware that change management requires thoughtful planning and sensitive implementation, I sought to consult and involve colleagues who were affected. I therefore, embarked on finding out their challenges and what the change in environment could mean for their future career. I interviewed five colleagues at work and also reviewed some empirical evidence of past rapid and massive changes. I also revisited handouts that gave me insight into the area of environmental and process change management at work. I received an interesting feedback from my respondents regarding their experiences with change in environment and process at work. They specifically pointed at the worrying trends in IT department where I belong and saw it as forced, though inevitable environmental change in all departments in a company. They also reported that even if technological environmental change from technological shift is inevitable, it comes with problems. These observations are applicable in any company regardless of the business. The following are best practices when it comes to environment and process at work place: It was important to get feedback from top management concerning the issue of being realistic. Khalid Roshan reported that although this is not noticed by many workers, he is actually the most affected by the digitization process in our company and that this is the first point of being realistic. In this case, Khalid Roshan was quick to give a professional advice that when effecting change, one has to be â€Å"realistic and set measurable and

Google PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Google - PowerPoint Presentation Example Google generates revenue primarily by delivering online advertising. The company primarily operates in the US. It is headquartered in Mountain View, California and employs 24,400 people. (Datamonitor 2011) Industry Analysis Macro-environment Analysis Political issues Different policies of countries concerning the freedom of communication and information There are different policies given the different political regimes worldwide. Even in liberal countries, the threat of terrorism and international fraud have created regulations that tend to require web service providers to monitor and identify high risk content in their throughput. Social advocacy groups also urge censorship of pornographic and similar material over the web. Censorship issues in countries with centralized political systems Countries such as China and other politically restrictive countries impose censorship controls which tends to discourage parties from engaging in internet exchange, even for non-political purposes. Economic issues Internet ad spending increasing, with affordable costs providing advantages to small firms Even small business are benefitted by the far reach of internet advertising. Compared to print, broadcast and other advertising, internet advertising is relatively cheap, and results are strong Growing viability of e-commerce among markets With the advent of reliable and secure e-payment services such as paypal, e-commerce is becoming more acceptable to most business and customers, and provides greater viability to Google. Increasing recourse to online transactions More companies are establishing e-stores over regionwide operations from which shoppers may make orders or transact sales. Industry Analysis Macro-environment Analysis Social issues In some parts of the world, cultural and language barriers create preferences for local info providers Growing connectedness due to social networking opens doors to more people of all walks of life Technological issues New technology ena bles tracking and targetting of individual customers, improving customer relations R&D provides more powerful, less costly alternatives Industry Analysis Macro-environment Analysis Legal issues Infringements of intellectual property rights Concern for firm’s liability in providing access for internet fraud, terrorism, and other unlawful uses Privacy concerns in relation to content material Environmental issues Greenhouse gas emission has been associated with the electrical power, including the carbon footprint of digital information devices Sustainable disposal of such devices still a problem Industry Analysis Porter’s Five Forces Model Internal Rivalry High due to continuing impetus for innovation Strongest players are Yahoo, Google, AOL and MSN of Microsoft Threat from Substitutes High since substitutes include social networks, vertical search engines and dedicated e-commerce websites, standalone websites, and other forms of advertising since companies advertise in m ultiple media. Industry Analysis Threat from New Entrants Low due to slowing growth and consolidation among present players Low due to strong brand loyalties among present players Bargaining Power of Suppliers Low due to high number of information sources, blog

Individual Management Enhancement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual Management Enhancement - Essay Example trying to figure out how this environment changes at my work place and realised that technological rapid change leads to frustrations and affects worker’s productivity. Recently, all the data in my bank was digitized and therefore, staff had to be moved and shifted to departments which could accommodate better their skills. Others had to be sent for retraining and refreshment on the way they could work in a digitized environment. Aware that change management requires thoughtful planning and sensitive implementation, I sought to consult and involve colleagues who were affected. I therefore, embarked on finding out their challenges and what the change in environment could mean for their future career. I interviewed five colleagues at work and also reviewed some empirical evidence of past rapid and massive changes. I also revisited handouts that gave me insight into the area of environmental and process change management at work. I received an interesting feedback from my respondents regarding their experiences with change in environment and process at work. They specifically pointed at the worrying trends in IT department where I belong and saw it as forced, though inevitable environmental change in all departments in a company. They also reported that even if technological environmental change from technological shift is inevitable, it comes with problems. These observations are applicable in any company regardless of the business. The following are best practices when it comes to environment and process at work place: It was important to get feedback from top management concerning the issue of being realistic. Khalid Roshan reported that although this is not noticed by many workers, he is actually the most affected by the digitization process in our company and that this is the first point of being realistic. In this case, Khalid Roshan was quick to give a professional advice that when effecting change, one has to be â€Å"realistic and set measurable and

Ethical Healthcare Issues Essay Example for Free

Ethical Healthcare Issues Essay Ethical dilemmas in health care are often the most difficult to navigate. Quite often the life of a person depends on the decision made when a challenge arises. This is certainly the case regarding patients in a permanent vegetative state. These cases have provoked very strong, opposing opinions throughout the medical community. Generating a definitive answer to how a facility handles these situations is extremely important to ensure appropriate ethical policy is followed throughout the care or termination of medical services for a person in a permanent vegetative state. Four ethical principles assist in guiding the ethical conversation: autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice. Autonomy Preserving a patient’s autonomy is a standard ethical policy for health care providers. Examples of how doctors and facilities protect a patient’s right to independence include Advance Directives, the Patient Self-Determination Act, and HIPAA. â€Å"The problem is that vegetative patients are not competent to refuse continued treatment, and there is concern about how best to protect them from treatment that they would probably refuse if they could† (Jennett, 2002, p. 356). A patient who has the unforeseen misfortune of entering into the permanent vegetative state may not have the chance to express their stance through an Advance Directive on how he or she wish to proceed medically, therefore stripping him or her of the right to autonomy. Some patients may have expressed their wishes informally to their family members and loved ones, such as the desire to donate organs when the time comes. If the decision were made to end medical care in a more direct and rapid way, organs would have a better chance of becoming used to help others, which would restore some of the patient’s autonomy (Wade, 2001). Most people would rather donate their organs for the benefit of others, rather than remain in an unconscious state, when given the choice. Unfortunately, these patients are not given a chance to voice that opinion. Nonmaleficence Nonmeleficence is the ethical principle to do no harm. It could be argued that a person in a permanent vegetative state feels nothing, and that poses the question regarding whether or not one can do harm to someone who does not feel anything emotionally or physically (Wade, 2001). In addition, continued treatment actually may be doing harm to the patient. â€Å"There have been many declarations that survival in a permanent vegetative state is not a benefit to the patient, some regarding it as a fate worse than death† (Jennett, 2002, p. 356). There are opposing viewpoints that believe patients in a vegetative state actually may be aware of their surroundings. According to Hope (2011) a study confirmed, â€Å"patients thought to be in a permanently ‘vegetative’ state may still be able to think and communicate† (para. 1). Although this may sound hopeful for loved ones, for some patients being aware of surroundings but not able to move or communicate is doing more harm to them. Would it be more nonmaleficent to end their suffering if they have poor quality of life? Beneficence The philosophical question beneficence raises is will an unknowing patient benefit from an act of good (Wade, 2001)? The patient is not aware of any kind or unkind act done to him or her in an unconscious state. Ongoing treatment could bring about a recovery, but a patient may not view this as beneficent. The state that their body and mind would be in and the quality of life they would have is questionable for whether or not keeping the patient alive was actually doing him or her any good. Beneficence can also relate to the survivors of the patient. In many cases, it is the willingness of the family to keep the patient alive in the hopes of a miracle even if it is against what the doctor’s recommend (Brody, 1988). Is it beneficent to the patient’s family to remain in a state of ongoing grief when there is no improvement in sight? Justice Justice is the most applied ethical principle for arguing for or against termination of treatment for patients in a permanent vegetative state. One argument that can be raised is whether or not it is fair to continue to allocate resources for a person in this state when it limits the care and resources other patients could be receiving (Wade, 2001). If a person is in a permanent unconscious state and doctors have determined that he or she will not regain consciousness or live a normal life, should the care and services he or she are using be given to a patient who has a greater chance of recovery. In addition, consider the cost to society for paying for the ongoing resources and care these patients will need (Brody, 1988). Is it fair to impose that cost on others? Instead, the funds could be used to save the lives of others. However, if the policy became to end patient’s care once they have reached a permanent vegetative state it could be said that attitudes may change toward other severely disabled people and the ongoing care they receive (Wade, 2001). Provider’s compassion may begin to be diminished over time through seeing the termination of care on these permanent vegetative patients, and it may desensitize them in a way that would make it difficult for them to provide any ongoing care to disabled people. Terminating an individual’s life whether it is physician-assisted or merely stopping food sources will always pose huge ethical concerns, even if the patient is in a permanent vegetative state and cannot express emotion or feel pain. Forming an opinion on the issue is not easy, and there are many parties who have interest in the outcome such as the patient, their family, the staff providing care, the facility providing care, and society. By applying the four ethical principles of autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice healthcare administrators can begin to form an ethical opinion to shape the way their facility approaches the many challenges permanent vegetative patients cause. References Brody, B. A. (1988). Ethical questions raised by the persistent vegitative patient. The Hastings Center Report, 18(1), 33-37. Hope, J. (2001, November 10). Vegitative patients can still think and respond. Daily Mail, 0(0), 28. Jennett, B. (2002). The vegitative state. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 73(4), 355-357. Wade, D. T. (2001). Ethical issue in diagnosis and management of patients in the permanent vegetative state. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 322(7282), 352-354.

Capacity Planning And Timing Strategy Business Essay

Capacity Planning And Timing Strategy Business Essay This report discusses a case study on capacity planning and facility location at Georgia Pacific a company that has undergone growth. The case study illustrate the importance of growth and its linkage to the environment. The report first start with defining the capacity planning and control then looks at capacity-timing strategy Georgia Pacific uses and the factors that influence this strategy. Then looks at major factors that it used to make its capacity expansion decision and what other factors might the company have considered. The report then further explain the technique Georgia Pacific used to make its facility location decision and what other facility factors might the company have considered. Also the report looks at how environmental considerations affect capacity planning and facility location at Georgia Pacific and lastly in my own opinion explain if Georgia pacific has made the correct capacity planning and facility location. Finally the report concludes with Georgia paci fic production style, the manner in which the company operates as a team, its environmental consideration and decision making process. Definition on capacity planning In operations management, capacity is referred as an amount of the input resources available to produce relative output over period of time.(citation) Strategic capacity planning is important in an organisation mainly because its facilitate the organisation to meet its future requirements. Planning guarantee that operation cost are kept at a minimum level without affecting the quality, it also guarantee that organisation remain viable to attain its long-term plan for expansion Capacity planning and timing strategy Long range capacity planning and control primarily depends on a range of factors and some of the factors Georgia-Pacific used base on the on changes in capacity are Market conditions: The timing of the market and making a decision base on the market gives the organisation a competitive edge as well as an increase in market share. Georgia-Pacific have used these strategy to increased its production capacity base on the changes in the market, as the market grew production was increased so as to meet the demand. Technology: The change in the technology means organisation, required fewer resource to operate its production and therefore this means that with the advance technology Georgia-Pacific can increase its production ability with only slight equipment changes. Equipment: So to achieve a large increases in production capacity, Georgia-Pacific use improving the already existing equipment, or set up new equipment, The major factors that influence the buying of sawmill is because of the strategic location of the sawmill and since the capacity of the sawmill was restricted in 1970 when it was first built buying it 1987 and expanding the operation such as adding drying kilns, a planner mill for finishing on site and a warehouse for storing the finish lumber to improved production capacity and the fact that the plant has the basic equipment and the has company owned forests in the area were more economically viable. Factors deciding the expansion The timing in making a decision to expand a business is vital, as you need to carefully study the fiscal benefits of such expansion such as assessing having the cash for the investment to cater for the additional inventory, new facilities or equipment. At Georgia-Pacific the various factors considered in deciding whether to buy and expand the sawmill in Florida for example are Market conditions: Florida has an excellent market condition such as the speedy growth of population and the boom in home construction because of these strategic position of the location of Florida gave Georgia-Pacific an edge over their competitors Raw materials à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Georgia also considered this site because it own forest in the area that also had other position of privately owned timber. Environment- That the other major factors to consider was legislation and government policies regarding the environment Georgia Pacific considered this factor and assessed the environmental regulation of Florida and find out that Florida has more strict environmental regulations that make it hard to build a new plant than to acquire an existing plant. Economics- This is a major factor to considers when planning for capacity expansion as this affect the economic viability of the organization. Georgia pacific has considered this factor by analysing the return on investment when acquiring facilities and found out that acquiring and expanding was much easier and economically viable that building new facilities. Labor à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ The availability of labor both skill and unskilled is very important when considering making a decision for capacity expansion. As for Georgia pacific the nearby facility mean that the sawmill could draw some trained personnel. Equipment à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ As for a long term capacity expansion the availability of equipment to carry the operation is a major factor to consider. For Georgia pacific the already existing sawmill had the vital required equipment and facilities such a functioning road system, a nearby rail road spur, and electricity facilities. Overall at Georgia pacific acquisition of the sawmill offered exceptional potential for capacity expansion and the sawmill was expanded in 1998 hence greatly contributed to the success of the Georgia pacific. What other factors might the company have considered Other factors include Facilities location decision The decision on where to locate facilities is the most important factors in capacity planning and its where the success of the company depends. Facility location involves organisation seeking to locate, relocate or expand their operation, the decision process encompasses the identification, analysis and evaluation of a selection among alternative, Since at Georgia Pacific facility location mostly involves long term commitment of resources the decision on where to locate facilities are mainly affected by several factors such as financial, capacity and technology as well as political, economic and social.. However in the case study at Georgia pacific corp. the main focus of consideration are raw material, market condition labor force, government regulation and policies and finally energy utilities Market condition- Georgia pacific asses the market condition by serving so as know the demand and place the product close to the location. Raw materials- Georgia pacific review the availability of raw so to have adequate supply of locally available raw materials at a low price Government regulation- Georgia pacific choose where the state and local government welcome companies by looking at factors where they have relax tax and environmental policies as well as attitude of the local towards industry such as florida Labor- Georgia pacific have assessed the availability of local work force that can be easily train Utilities- Georgia pacific have considered the availabilities of all utilities necessary such as such as water, electricity and natural gas. Other factors that Georgia pacific could have also consider could be the availability of less expensive land with a bigger space as well as land with quality and efficiency facilities such as such as roads, bridges, water and sewer systems, airport and cargo facilities, energy systems, and telecommunications. Also there other crucial factor that George pacific could consider could be the cost of transportation in terms moving the product as well as the supply cost. For example proximity to supplier can be excellent for JIT production as it improves performance of deliveries and reduces inventory as well as reducing cost. Environmental consideration In general environmental consideration is part of capacity planning and facility location. It was paramount that Georgia Pacific makes itself environmental friendly. Since Georgia pacific depends on timber as a natural resource, they need to assess location where environmental policies are either relax or less strict. For example Georgia Pacific had to buy the sawmill in Florida with strict environmental rules that makes it more difficult to build a new facility. In order to reduce pollution caused by transportation Georgia pacific corp. have considered locating the material close to the site by expanding operation such as adding drying kilns, a planner mill for finishing and a warehouse for storing the finish lumber on site. also choosing municipal sewage disposal system on site at skippers site ,also the skipper was near an excellent timber base and a nearby resin plant that uses the residuals Opinion on Georgia Pacific It is believe that Georgia Pacific has made the correct capacity planning and facility location since all consideration were carefully analyses and decision made base on the out came. The main emphasis was the market condition and the raw materials. The market condition was important because it focuses on the product demand, equally the availability and the location of raw materials so as to reduce the cost of transportation as well and meet the demand of the government or state environmental policy on industries all the factor discuss above were carefully consider by Georgia pacific corp. hence execute a well plan capacity planning and facility location. Conclusion In the case study it looks like at Georgia Pacific the emphasis is on growth, and so capacity increase and acquisition is a way of life. It assesses possible increase of capacity by working as a team to solicit suggestion and obtaining information and use a check list for major factors such as deciding on market demand, technology equipment and labor. Also since the company depends on timber as a natural resource environmental consideration is equally important. All of the above factors are very important part and parceled in decision making on capacity planning and facility location. The factors listed on this report are very crucial when making capacity decisions. Capacity planning is a very important aspect in manufacturing companies, as it to do with meeting the customers demand. They also have a long term impact. Capacity also determines the selection of appropriate technology, type of labour and equipments. The right capacity ensures economically viable business

Plagues And Diseases Essay -- essays research papers fc

Plagues and Diseases Plague. A word that has struck fear in the hearts of man since the earliest of times. It has also lead to some of the greatest historical events and stories of our time. The ancient cities of Rome and Athens, in their downfall, were finished off by pestilence. The Bubonic Plague, also known as The Black Death, devastated Europe in the 14th century, starting a new age. The great warrior Ivan the Terrible was stricken with disease, and driven mad. During the "exploration" of the new world, Cortes's greatest ally against the Aztecs was smallpox. Napoleon's Grand Army was defeated by the Russians, and typhus. Queen Victoria spread hemophilia to her heirs, leading to the illness of the only son of Czar Nicholas, and the fall of monarchy in Russia.1 All the events are horrible in every way, but have struck a chord with people around the world. Perhaps it is our inherent morbid curiosity. So, the question is, if these events happened once, why can't they happen again? Let us take a look at the most horrible, so far, of the plagues: The Black Death. It took Europe by storm from approximately 1345 to 1361. It would also make small comebacks throughout the next 400 years, but never like it did the first time. It also reached into Africa, China, Russia, and the Scandinavian countries. It was truly a worldwide pandemic. But, it has a secondary effect that not many people are aware of. The colonies of Greenland, settled by the Vikings, were stricken by the plague and they soon disappeared. It is known that these colonies kept in contact with "Vinland", which was near New Foundland, in Canada. The Vikings had already discovered North America! But, alas, with these colonies all dead, Greenland was forgotten, and not discovered again until 1585.2 It is estimated that the plague took 24 million lives, about a quarter of the European population. This may seem incredulous to people today, but it happened. During those times, where there were humans, there were black rats. And where there are rats, there are fleas. And where there were fleas, there was the plague. Bubonic plague, and also pneumonic plague, were everywhere. France, Italy, Russia, England, you name it. When a village was infected, people fled, most likely taking the plague with them to the next village.3 One ca... ...n't, but it sure does sound good. I hope to have entertained you through this paper, and given you something to chew on for a few weeks. And I have just one more thought. When people think of the end of the world, they think of a big mushroom cloud destroying everyone in a pillar of light. But, I just don't see that. I see something less spectacular. When the end comes, it won't be with a bang. No one will see it coming. An army of the smallest soldiers will attack us from the inside out. One-billionth of our size, and they'll beat us. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Abel, Ernest L. America's Top 25 Killers. Hillside, N.J.: Enslow Publishers Inc., 1991 2. Archer, Jules. Epidemic! New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanich, 1977. 3. Berger, Melvin. Disease Detectives. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1978. 4. Cartwright, Fred F. Disease and History. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1972. 5. Guerrilla Warfare. "Time: Frontiers of Medicine." Vol. 148, No.4, Pg. 58-62. 6. McNeill, William H. Plagues and Peoples. New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1976.

Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr. Essay -- Malcolm X Luther King C

Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  African Americans are fortunate to have leaders who fought for a difference in Black America. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X are two powerful men in particular who brought hope to blacks in the United States. Both preached the same message about Blacks having power and strength in the midst of all the hatred that surrounded them. Even though they shared the same dream of equality for their people, the tactics they implied to make these dreams a reality were very different. The background, environment and philosophy of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X were largely responsible for the distinctly varying responses to American racism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The early backgrounds of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr. had major impact on their goal to achieve equality between all races. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born Michael Luther King in Atlanta, Georgia on January 15, 1929. He was one of three children born to Martin Luther King Sr., pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church, and Alberta King, a former schoolteacher. Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little on May19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. His mother, Louise Norton Little, was a homemaker who stayed occupied with the family’s eight children. His father, Earl Little, was an outspoken Baptist minister and avid supporter of Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. King attended segregated local public grammar schools in Georgia and graduated from high school at the age of fifteen after being skipped two grade levels. King then enrolled in Morehouse University in 1944 and graduated with a bachelor’s degree in sociology. He furthered his education after Morehouse at Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania and at Boston University, earning his doctorate. X attended reform school in Michigan after the death of his father. Malcolm dropped out of school after graduating from junior high school at the top of his class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the years passed Malcolm and Martin took on two different lifestyles. Martin then married Coretta Scott in 1955 and into the family born two sons and two daughters. Malcolm married on January 14, 1958 to Betty Sanders and later had six daughters. King was renamed â€Å"Martin† when he was about six years old. Malcolm considered â€Å"Little† a slave name and chose the â€Å"X† to signify his lost tribal name (Rummel 157). In 1954, Martin Luther King accepted pa... ...el 125). Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X are both remembered as strong leaders who shared an equal dream that one day their people would be free from racism and oppression. They believed in this dream so strongly they sacrificed their lives for it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today, both men's legacy lives on and is being carried out by their loved ones. They had the same goal in mind about Black respect and pride, but were different in addressing their message. Personally, the life of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King has inspired me. Their determination and strong will to fight for something they believed in encouraged me to fight for my belief in God and values as a Black person. They also help me realize if you want something in life you have to go after it and that is what I did with furthering my education. One should use Malcolm and Martin as examples to not let anything in life get in the way of what you stand for. Even though Malcolm and Martin did not live to see their dream come true their deaths were not in vain. Although Black America still have a long way to go in overcoming racism, we have accomplished a lot in gaining rights since the death of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X.

Difference Between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews in Modern Times Essay

For the most part, modern Jewish history deals with the political, social and economic advancements achieved by the Ashkenazi communities in Europe, America, and later — Palestine. Because of it’s relatively small size and involvement in the affairs of â€Å"civilized† countries of Europe and America, the Sephardi branch of Judaism is rerely dealt with in the context of modern Jewish history. Their development is however, though not as influential upon the flow of the â€Å"mainstream† history as that of the Ashkenazi jewry, is nevertheless an area of interest to anyone undertaking a serious study of Jewish history. The theological difference between the two movements, the Sefardi and the Ashekenazi, lies in the traditional laws more than in written ones. Both take an Orthodoxal approach to the written law of the Torah, and the differences in its interpretation are subtle enough to be dismissed. However the traditions acquired , and at times given the power of laws, in the course of the long centuries of diaspora differ considerably from one branch of Judaism to another. Just as the worldwide language of the Ashekenazim, Yiddish, is a mixture of Hebrew with German, the common language used by the Sephardim Ladino, still in use in some parts of the world, is a dialect formed by combining Hebrew with Spanish. The Sephardim who have historically been more involved into the lives of the gentile societies where they settled don’t have as strict a set of observances as do the Ashkenazis who have been contained in closed ghettos up until two centuries ago. The official doctrine of the Sephardis does not for example prohibit polygomy, whereas it hasn’t been allowed in the Ashkenazi law since Middle Ages. Although the Ashkenazi traditions are somewhat stricter than those of the Sephardim, a greater percentage of Ashkenazi Jews have over the past century and a half stopped observing these traditions, becoming either â€Å"secular Jews†, atheists, like the American Freethinkers, or simply converting. An even greater part have chosen to follow only a part of the traditional, or â€Å"oral†, laws, forming widely popular Reform and Conservative movements. This phenomenon, if present within the Sephardic community exists on such a small scale that it can be discounted. The reason for this difference in the adherence of the tradition is the way in which the tradition itself was first put into effect. In the case of the Ashkenazi Jews the traditions have been instated by the long centuries of enforced separation, and when the barriers were let down, the communities that were held together by pressure from the outside started to degenerate. With the walls of the ghetto gone, but full emancipation not yet granted, many believed that if they had integrated themselves into the gentile societies, they would gain acceptance. Secular education replaced religion, rather than complementing it. This however was not the case with Sephardim, whose less strict traditions were developed in the environment of toleration. While the Ashkenazi Jews were restricted to the ghettos of Europe, held at bay by the Catholic church, the Sephardim of Middle East, North Africa and Ottoman Empire were living as â€Å"dhimmies†, or â€Å"people of the pact†, and though not fully equal with their Muslim hosts, were to some extent intregrated into their societies. For this reason, the traditional laws of the Sephardim are less demanding, but more enduring. Unlike the Ashkenazi population that has over a century of immigration spread itself all over the world, The Sephardic communities tend to concentrate mostly around a few areas. Today most of the Sephardic Jews reside within Israel, amost other Middle-Eastern communities having been reduced to virtual nonexistance by the migration of Jews out of Arabic countries after the creation of Israel. A substantial community is still maintained in Turkey, where historically Jews have received good treatment. Of the Western countries, the only one where the population of Sephardic Jews is comparable to that of the Ashekenazis is France, where a considerable number of Jews have resided since the Middle Ages. While Sephardi Jews were the first people of Jewish faith to arrive in the US, and their number in this country is still quite large, they are but a drop in the bucket when compared to the overall number of Jews currently residing in America today. The Spehardic Jews have historically lived in the areas more or less tolerant of Judaism. They therefore had more of an opportunity to integrate themselves into the host societies than did their Ashkenazi counterparts living in the countries where Jewish communities were forcebly segregated from the rest. Thus they never really formed separate self-governed units, and the impact made upon the countries of their residence can be traced only through the outstanding Jewish personalities that had effect on the history of those states, and not actions taken by the community as a whole. Whereas in the history of American Jews one may encounter occurrences of political decisions being influenced by the pressure of Jews as a communal force, the history of Middle-Eastern countries is only able to offer examples of brilliant Jewish individuals, but rarely actions taken by the whole communities. The Sephardis (the word itself comes from a Hebrew word for Spain) first came to Europe in the early middle ages across the Straight of Gibraltar to the Iberian peninsula, following the wave of muslim conquerors, into whose society they were at the time well integrated. With the slow reconquest of the peninsula by the Christians a number of the Jews stayed on the land, at times serving as middlemen in the ongoing trade between the two sides of the conflict. Prospering from such lucrative practices, the Sephardic community of the newly created Spain grew and gained economic power. With the final expulsion of the external â€Å"heretics†, the Spanish, devoted Catholics have turned within in their quest for the expulsion of the unfaithful, and around 1492 a decree had forced the Jews of Spain to convert or leave country. While some Jews of Spain have chosen to convert rather than face relocation and possibly relinquish their economic position, (though some of those continued practicing Judaism in secrecy) many of them have migrated to the Ottoman empire, where the Sultan Bayazid II offered them safe haven. In later years as the Ottoman rulers continued the policy of toleration, the Sephardic community of Turkey grew to considerable numbers. Other members of the Spanish Jewry migrated to nearby Portugal from where they were promptly expelled in 1496. From here, some people migrated North to France, where they were tolerated in the southern provinces, and Netherlands. Others went eastward to the Ottoman Empire and Middle East. The Sephardic community of France had maintained a realtively constant population, a fact that allowed it to exist in obscurity, and thus continue to be tolerated. The people who settled in the Netherlands, by this time a country of religious tolerance, had enjoyed for a period of time the equality unparalleled at this point anywhere in the Western world. The main flux of Sephardi immigrants took almost a century incoming to the Netherlands, finally reaching that country around 1590. When half a century later Netherlands began active trade with the South America, Jews were greatly involved because they could speak Dutch and were literate enough to keep records of the trade. They gained a great deal economically through this lucrartive practice, and it was by the way of this trade that first Sephardic Jews have arrived in the Americas. The Ottoman empire, which in its golden age spanned from North Africa to the Balcans, had attracted Jewish immigration from as early as the 1300’s. The Sultans’ sympathy to the Jews went so far that in 1556, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent had requested from the Pope Paul IV the release of the Ancona Marranos which he declared Ottoman citizens. Over the years, Jews exiled from Hungary, France, Sicily and Bohemia came to the Ottoman empire in search of home, and they found it. A letter sent by Rabbi Yitzhak Sarfati (from Edirne) to Jewish communities in Europe â€Å"invited his coreligionists to leave the torments they were enduring in Christiandom and to seek safety and prosperity in Turkey. † (1) Three centuries after the expulsion of Jews from Spain, the Ottoman cities of Istanbul, Izmud, Safed and Salonica became centers of Sephardic prosperity that was compairable to the period of muslim domination of Spain. While there aren’t many records of Jews as a community taking historically important actions in the course of their stay in the Ottoman Empire, many individuals worthy of notice are encountered in history. The first printing press in the Empire was established in 1493 by David and Samuel ibn Nahmias, only a year after their exile from Spain. A number of Jews had been diplomats for the Sultan (one of them, Salamon ben Nathan Eskenazi had established first contact with the British Empire), court physicians and otherwise influential people. The Zionist movement was met with drastically different reactions by the two movements. Among the by now â€Å"enlightened† Ashkenazim, where many have come to consider their states objects of primary alligiance, the idea of a return to Palestine was met with suspicions. Some of the people were genuinely afraid that if they acted in support of a Jewish homeland, their loyalties to the countries of their residence would be questioned, and the progress made toward emancipation that had taken long centuries to achieve would be destroyed in a single blow. Among the Sephardim, the ideas of Zionism were met with much greater enthusiasm. (3) The Jews of Middle East, whose religious convictions were at that time much better preserved, had embraced the idea of return to the land of their forefathers. The traditions ran strong among them, and the young generations did not feel resentfull for being forced to obey laws that they felt were outdated. Modernization for European Jews meant catching up with the secular education studies of their hosts, this word hoever, took a totally different meaning when applied to the Jews of Middle-East and Asia, areas to which modernization came later, and which at that point were far behind the technological progress made in the countries of the West. Therefore, while the Jews of Europe had to battle for their equality in a society the education level of which was arguably supperior to that of their own, the Jews of Middle-East had to modernize together with their host nations, and sometimes even ahead of them. The speed of the progress of Middle-Eastern Jews was enhanced by their Western-European counterparts who have by this time established for themselves not only political equality, but also economic prosperity in their adopted homelands. These well-to-do Jews who have for the most part abandoned some or all of their traditions, and have justly considered themselves to be enlightened, wished to bring this enlightenment in the way of Europeanisation to the Jews living outside of the â€Å"civilized† world. (2) The educational institutions created by the Alliance Israelite Universelle have had such great impact on the education of the Jews of the then-decaying Ottoman Empire, that even today, a considerable part of older generation Turkish Jews think of French as their primary means of communication. In Israel the farming communities founded in the late 1800’s with the funding of rich European Jewish families as a part of the project to re-settle Palestine, have now grown to become well established businesses. Currently the Israeli Jews represent the only substantial Jewish community left in the Middle East. The surrounding countries, where up until the 1940’s many Jews coexisted with Muslim majorities, have over the course of the past half-century lost most of their Jewish population to immigration due to racial and ethnic tensions brought about by the Arab-Israeli conflicts. In fact, the governments of states such as Syria have after the creation of Israel considered the Jews living on their territories to be hostages in this confrontation, and have treated them accordingly. The immigrants from the Arab states being predominantly Sephardic, Israel, a once Ashekenazi dominated country, now has an about even division between the two movements. With their increasing number, the Sephardi influence is also growing in the Israeli legislature, and in the last few years a Sephardi party Sha’as has gained substantial power within the Knesset, Israel’s governing body. The state of Israel is unique in that it is the first country in over two thousand years where Jews have been given the right of self-rule. This raises problems that the Jews in other times, and even the Jews outside of Israel today do not have to deal with. Throughout Israel’s brief history, a debate as to the extent to which the secular laws should follow the religious doctrine of Judaism had been an ongoing one. Such debates are naturally meaningless in the rest of the world, where the Jews are to follow the laws of the land. The different historical background of the two movements of Judaism has created a noticeable gap in their culture, their traditional laws and their adherence of those laws. It has shaped the manner of their development and the final result of it. The history itself was shaped by the environment in which the exiled Jews found themselves, and the attitude of the people who surrounded them. This attitude was in turn based around their religious doctrine. (1) Bernard Lewis, â€Å"The Jews of Islam† (2) Harvey Goldberg, â€Å"Sephardi and Middle Eastern Jewries†, introductoin p15 (3) Norman Stillman, â€Å"Sephardi and Middle Eastern Jewries† Essay 1, â€Å"Middle-Eastern and North African Jewries† p67 1996, Lev Epshteyn, SUNY Binghamton.