Needle Stick Injury free essay sample

Method In 2003, a sharps awareness campaign began in San Martino Hospital in Genoa, Italy. In 2005, a safety catheter was introduced and healthcare workers were trained in its use. Data for all occupational accidents from 2003 to 2007 were collected and analysed. Results After introduction of the sharps awareness campaign and use of safety catheters, reported incidents of sharps injuries involving catheters fell from 19 in 2004 to two in 2007 and in neither of those two cases were needlestick prevention devices used. Overall, the rate of needlestick injuries was 24. 1 per 100,000 cases when conventional catheters were used and 0. 4 per 100,000 cases with safety catheters. Conclusion The sharps awareness campaign and newly adopted needlestick prevention device may have contributed to the prevention of percutaneous injuries caused by catheters. Until the onset of the campaign, the reported annual incidence of needlestick injuries was six. This increased to a peak of 19 reported injuries in 2004, which could be attributed to improved reporting effected by the campaign. We will write a custom essay sample on Needle Stick Injury or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Authors Dimitri Sossai, manager, Health Safety and Prevention Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, Genoa; Vincenzo Puro, manager, Department of Epidemiology, Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome; Luca Chiappatoli and Giulio Dagnino, biomedical engineers; Bernardo Odone, chemist; Annamaria Polimeri, biologist, Health Safety and Prevention Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, Genoa; Laila Ruzza, Paola Palombo and Marian Stella Fuscoe, registered nurses, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, Genoa; Paola Scognamiglio, epidemiologist, Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy. Email: dimitri. [emailprotected] it Keywords Needlestick injuries, risk prevention, safety needle system These keywords are based on subject headings from the British Nursing Index. All articles are subject to external double-blind peer review and checked for plagiarism using automated software. For author and research article guidelines visit the Nursing Standard home page at www. nursing-standard. co. uk. For related articles visit our online archive and search using the keywords. 42 march 24 :: vol 24 no 29 :: 2010 SHARPS INJURIES are one of the most common types of occupational accidents that healthcare workers experience (Elder and Paterson 2006). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2004) in the United States (US) has estimated that around 400,000 percutaneous injuries occur in the hospital setting each year. However, true injury rates are difficult to assess as underreporting is assumed to be as high as 70% (Lee et al 2005). There is a risk of disease transmission of blood-borne pathogens with a sharps injury, particularly if it is caused by a hollow-bore needle used to access veins or arteries (Trim 2004). Worldwide, 2. 5% of cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 40% of cases of hepatitis B and hepatitis C among healthcare workers result from occupational exposure to infected blood (Wilburn 2004). The risk of infection following percutaneous exposure to infected blood is notable, with rates of 6-30% for hepatitis B, 0-7% for hepatitis C and 0. 3% for HIV (White 2008). In addition to the hazard of disease transmission, the fear of potential infection may pose a considerable burden on the psychological, emotional and social wellbeing of the injured healthcare worker (Lee et al 2005). More than 38% of all occupational accidents involving biological hazards in the NHS result from skin contact, while 24% are caused by accidental puncture with injection needles (Sossai 2006). The rates for hospitals are even more concerning. According to a study of the Italian National Society for Prevention and Protection in the Health Service (Associazione Italiana Responsabili Servizi Prevenzione e Protezione in Ambiente Sanitario), more than 50% of occupational accidents in hospitals are caused by accidental puncture with injection needles (Sossai 2006). Exposure prevention remains the primary strategy for reducing occupational contact with blood-borne pathogens (Huber and Terezhalmy 2007). Over the past 20 years, numerous preventive measures have been implemented including educating and training staff, changes in practice, hepatitis B vaccinations, awareness campaigns and needlestick injury policies. One particular NURSING STANDARD preventive strategy uses engineered needlestick prevention devices to protect hospital workers from accidental injuries. There are two types. Passive needlestick prevention devices have a safety feature that is activated automatically, while active needlestick prevention devices require the user to activate the safety mechanism (Trim 2004). The use of needlestick prevention devices and the documentation of all needlestick injuries by healthcare workers has been enforced by law since 2000. Similar regulation efforts are under way in Europe (Hadaway 2001, Wilburn 2004, Hoban 2005, White 2008). In Italy, and elsewhere in Europe, employers have a statutory obligation (Directive 2000/54/CE and 89/391/CEE) to prevent occupational risks and protect workers. In line with these requirements, San Martino Hospital in Genoa, Italy, one of the largest hospitals in Europe with more than 1,400 beds and more than 4,400 employees, launched a sharps awareness campaign in 2003. This campaign consisted of specific staff training, education and the gradual introduction of needlestick prevention devices (safety catheters) to replace conventional intravenous catheters. By March 2005, almost all conventional catheters had been replaced by needlestick prevention devices. Aim The aim of this study was to verify the effect of the sharps awareness campaign and the introduction of needlestick prevention devices on the rate of needlestick injuries in San Martino Hospital. Method The hospital chose the passively activated Introcan Safety IV Catheter system (B. Braun). This has a self-activating safety clip that automatically shields the needle’s sharp bevel during retraction of the needle after cannula insertion. With regard to design and handling, this safety catheter is identical to the conventional catheter (Trim 2004, Wilburn 2004). At San Martino Hospital, a sharps awareness campaign was launched in 2003. In 2005, safety devices were first introduced, initially in departments at increased risk of needlestick injuries or infection (infectious diseases, general surgery and organ transplant departments). By the end of 2005, they had been introduced in all hospital departments. Healthcare workers in approximately 90 departments including outpatient clinics, operating theatres, intensive care units, day hospitals and surgery, received training in using the device. Training sessions were carried out by manufacturers of the safety catheter and by members of the hospital’s NURSING STANDARD department of health safety and prevention. Between 2005 and 2007 this practical training was supplemented by courses on the biological risk of needlestick injuries aimed at all long-term employed healthcare staff. In addition, a compulsory training course on the need for prevention and safety precautions related to needlestick injuries, and the correct practical application of safety devices for all new employees, began and was carried out monthly. During this period, 596 of 3,392 (18%) long-term employed physicians, nurses and technicians and 882 (100%) new employees received safety training. In San Martino Hospital, a specific protocol needs to be followed when an accident entailing biological risk occurs. The affected employee has to report the accident to the department of preventive and occupational medicine where health monitoring and infectious prophylaxis are initiated, if required, in collaboration with the Institute for Hygiene and Preventive Medicine. Subsequently, the injured person is required to register the accident at the hospital’s human resources department where detailed information on the injury and the injured person are recorded on a standardised incident report form and in an incident reporting file. Reports of the accident are forwarded to the National Institute for Insurance gainst Accidents at Work (Istituto Nazionale per Assicurazione Infortuni sul Lavoro) and the Hygiene Institute of Genoa University. The incident reporting file is the hospital’s internal administrative database for all occupational accidents and is used for statistical purposes. It provides the data for an annual injury monitoring report. The file began in 1994 and holds detaile d documentation of all occupational injuries occurring at San Martino Hospital. Documented details include the time, location and accurate descriptions of an accident, and the profession, department, ward or operating unit of the injured employee involved. The type of device responsible for sharps injuries and the use of any safety measures during the incident are also documented. In this study, occupational injury data collected between 2003 and 2007 were obtained from the incident reporting file and analysed retrospectively. Data of interest included all occupational incidents and all percutaneous injuries caused by catheter needles and sharps. In particular, needlestick injuries caused by catheters were investigated. For all needlestick injuries from catheters, the occupation of the affected staff member was examined. The total number of catheters used each year was the denominator. All hospital employees were included in the study. The human resources department supplied data on the number and march 24 :: vol 24 no 29 :: 2010 43 art science research type of staff in the hospital. Formal ethical approval was not required because the population used was recruited from the database of the occupational injuries register of the human resources department. The data used were taken from official declarations and total anonymity was guaranteed. conventional device is more than 25 times higher than the risk associated with the use of the safety device. Discussion The implementation of a sharps awareness campaign and the introduction of needlestick prevention devices at San Martino Hospital resulted in a significant reported decrease in needlestick injuries. Conventional catheters appear to carry a significantly higher risk of injuries than safety catheters (Table 1). This suggests that the needlestick p revention devices contributed to the prevention of percutaneous incidents. A potential problem of this type of surveillance results from factors that could influence healthcare staff to report injuries, especially those with a low risk of infection. In this study, reporting rates are unknown and these could have influenced the findings. Injury reporting was encouraged during training, so an increasing rate of underreporting appears unlikely. Similar results have been observed with other safety needle devices (Asai et al 2002, Trim 2004, Adams and Elliott 2006, Tuma and Sepkowitz 2006). These results are consistent with estimates in which the use of engineered safety devices accounts for definite prevention in 21% and probable prevention in 61% of needlestick injuries (Elder and Paterson 2006). However, the results of the current study are limited by the short observation period and initial findings need to be confirmed by a follow-up study. Three and two incidents occurred with catheters in 2006 and 2007 respectively. Only one of these incidents occurred with a safety catheter. The catheter’s safety mechanism was not activated because of an unexpected movement by the patient before insertion of the cannula. Risk for the healthcare worker was estimated at almost zero, as the needle had not come into contact with the patient’s blood. In the other four incidents, conventional devices were used that did not have a safety Results The overall number of employees at San Martino Hospital fluctuated annually between 4,447 and 4,636 individuals from 2003 to 2007. The number of occupational accidents documented decreased from 537 to 405 in the same period. During the study, the number of injuries with needles and sharps entailing biological risk reported annually reduced from 163 to 86. These accounted for approximately one quarter to one third of all occupational incidents. After launching the sharps awareness campaign in 2003, the number of injuries caused by catheters increased initially (n=10 in 2003 and n=19 in 2004), possibly because the sharps awareness campaign aimed to reduce underreporting. From 2005 to 2007 the total number of reported injuries decreased (n=10 in 2005, n=3 in 2006, and n=2 in 2007). During the study period, nurses were affected more often by needlestick injuries than physicians. The overall annual number of needlestick prevention devices used by the hospital after their introduction in 2005 (n=130,000) increased to 165,000 in 2006 and decreased to 163,000 in 2007 (Tables 1 and 2). The average number of annual injuries per 100,000 phlebotomies performed were calculated (estimated by needles used per year). The relative risks were calculated as the ratio of the injury rates for the conventional catheters and for the safety catheters. The results highlight a lower rate of annual needlestick injuries until the start of the sharps awareness campaign and an escalation of reported incidents after its launch. This phenomenon might have resulted from underreporting, confirmed by the low incident rate of reported needlestick injuries before the onset of the campaign. Underreporting of needlestick injuries is a common and serious problem. It is even observed after needlestick injuries with high-risk patients and occurs with all types of healthcare worker (Wilburn 2004, Hoban 2005, Makary et al 2007). True injury rates may be ten times higher than those reported (Elder and Paterson 2006). The increase in incidents in 2003 suggests that educational measures and training might have sensitised healthcare staff to the seriousness of the problem and increased their readiness to report needlestick injuries for their own safety. Only timely reported needlestick injuries allow for immediate preventive measures and effective post-exposure treatment (Lee et al 2005). Even after 2003, it may still be possible that not all needlestick injuries were reported. Although all new employees received training after 2005, accounting for approximately 25% of the hospital’s healthcare staff until 2007, before then only 18% of employees of long standing participated in safety education measures. Thus, the majority of employees lack theoretical education in sharps safety and may be more prone NURSING STANDARD to misjudge the risk of needlestick injuries and consequently fail to report incidents. It might also be possible that some long-term staff increased their risk awareness after observing colleagues. It is to be expected that the awareness of possible injury outcome and reporting will improve further as the sharps safety awareness campaign continues as a result of cumulative training of hospital staff (Makary et al 2007). Despite introducing continuous on-the-job training with all employees, a certain degree of underreporting is still likely to occur because, contrary to better knowledge, some employees will avoid the time-consuming effort associated with administrative and medical procedures involved in needlestick injury reporting (Lee et al 2005, Makary et al 2007).

Abraham Lincoln1 essays

Abraham Lincoln1 essays regarded by many historians as the greatest president ever to stand at America's helm. This reputation is extremely well deserved, as Lincoln was able to preserve the Union and gain victory in the civil war, despite his fighting an uphill battle against his own presidential cabinet. Had he not been struggling against this divided government, President Lincoln could have achieved victory with extreme efficiency and a minimum of wanton bloodshed (Angle 659). After Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861, he was forced to battle a split cabinet because of campaign promises made to various Republican factions, which made it almost mandatory for certain individuals to be appointed to cabinet posts. He ruled his cabinet with an iron hand, and often acted without cabinet consent or advice. Although his opponents called his method of rule "dictatorial" and "unconstitutional," it was the only effective way to get anything done (Simmons 142). In the beginning, Lincoln's secretary of state, William H. Seward, clearly considered himself the President's superior, and blandly offered to assume the executive responsibility. He entered the cabinet with the thought of becoming the power behind the 2 Presidential chair and openly opposed Lincoln's control of the Union. This made Lincoln's position as Chief of State exceedingly difficult and hindered his communication and control of the military. As time passed, however, Seward recognized Lincoln's capabilities and gave him complete loyalty (Simmons 174). This could not be said of Salmon P. Chase, Lincoln's first secretary of the treasury. Blinded by an inflated ego, Chase pursued his own presidential aspirations. He was in constant conflict with Seward, and in general opposition to Lincoln, particularly over the issue of slavery. Chase has been described as "jealous of the President," and "overly ambitious." Lincoln's personal secre ...